Medicine and science need nitrogen: among other things, the gas is used to cool superconducting magnets, biological samples and stem cells. As a cryogenic gas, nitrogen is used to lower the body temperature of a patient undergoing heart surgery or an organ transplant. As an extra-dry protective gas, the vaporized nitrogen facilitates controlled chemical reactions and solid-state physical experiments. Nitrogen is used in medical applications, laser research, various types of spectroscopy, the exclusion of paramagnetic oxygen from magnetic resonance processes, and much more.